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Sunday, November 11, 2007
Tuesday, November 06, 2007
Jos Luhukay (born June 13, 1963 in Venlo, Netherlands) is a Limburgian football coach and former player.
Career as a player
Jos Luhukay always played in midfield. He began his career at the age of 15 at his hometown club VVV Venlo. In 1989, he went to play at SVV Schiedam, where he stayed until 1991. After then playing for RKC Waalwijk from 1991 until 1993, he left his homeland for Germany, where he had two stints at SV Straelen (1993 to 1995 and 1996 to 1998), in-between playing for KFC Uerdingen from 1995 to 1996. At KFC Uerdingen Luhukay played two games in the Bundesliga. In 1998 he quit his active career at SV Straelen.
Career as a coach
Just one month after the end of his career as a player, he became the headcoach at SV Straelen. Two years later he went to KFC Uerdingen again and in 2002 he was hired as an assistant coach at Bundesliga side 1.FC Köln. In 2005 he became headcoach at 2nd Bundesliga team SC Paderborn 07. He resigned there on August 11, 2006.
On Januar 2, 2007 he was hired by Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach as an assistant coach. Since headcoach Jupp Heynckes resigned Januar 31, 2007, Luhukay is the interim headcoach and later took over the job for the 2007-08 season.
Personal information
Date of birth
June 13, 1963 (1963-06-13) (age 44)
Place of birth
Venlo, Netherlands
Playing position
Midfielder
Club information
Current club
Borussia Mönchengladbach (Manager)
Career as a player
Jos Luhukay always played in midfield. He began his career at the age of 15 at his hometown club VVV Venlo. In 1989, he went to play at SVV Schiedam, where he stayed until 1991. After then playing for RKC Waalwijk from 1991 until 1993, he left his homeland for Germany, where he had two stints at SV Straelen (1993 to 1995 and 1996 to 1998), in-between playing for KFC Uerdingen from 1995 to 1996. At KFC Uerdingen Luhukay played two games in the Bundesliga. In 1998 he quit his active career at SV Straelen.
Career as a coach
Just one month after the end of his career as a player, he became the headcoach at SV Straelen. Two years later he went to KFC Uerdingen again and in 2002 he was hired as an assistant coach at Bundesliga side 1.FC Köln. In 2005 he became headcoach at 2nd Bundesliga team SC Paderborn 07. He resigned there on August 11, 2006.
On Januar 2, 2007 he was hired by Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach as an assistant coach. Since headcoach Jupp Heynckes resigned Januar 31, 2007, Luhukay is the interim headcoach and later took over the job for the 2007-08 season.
Personal information
Date of birth
June 13, 1963 (1963-06-13) (age 44)
Place of birth
Venlo, Netherlands
Playing position
Midfielder
Club information
Current club
Borussia Mönchengladbach (Manager)
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Borussia Vfl 1900 e.V, often referred to as Borussia Mönchengladbach, is a German football club based in Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia. The team plays in the second division 2. Bundesliga and is one of the country's most well-known, best-supported, and successful teams. Borussia Mönchengladbach has more than 30,000 members and is the fourth largest club in Germany. "Borussia" is a Latinized form of Prussia, a popular term in naming German clubs.
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Ascent to the Bundesliga
1.3 Borussia's Golden Decade
1.4 1980 and Beyond
2 Players
2.1 Current squad
2.2 Famous players
3 Honours
3.1 Players' Honours
4 Recent League Finishes
5 Trivia
6 External links
History
Early history
The club's forerunner was a loose association of young men known as FC Germania München-Gladbach from the city's Eicken district organized in late 1899. FC Borussia M.Gladbach was formally established on August 1, 1900 and took up play in the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Spielverband.
The new club made steady progress, moving upward through the different levels of league play and in 1912 appeared in the final of the Westdeutsche Verbandsliga, losing 2:4 to Kölner BC. In 1919, they joined Turnverein Germania 1889 to form Verein für Turn- und Rasensport 1889 München-Gladbach. The next year VfTuR made a second appearance in the final against Kölner BC, this time coming away with a 3:2 overtime victory. The next month they played their first game in a national championship playoffs, but did poorly, losing 0:7 to SpVgg Fürth in the opening round. In 1921, the footballers decided to leave Germania's gymnasts behind to form Borussia VfL München-Gladbach.
In 1933 the club formed a short-lived union with SC München-Gladbach to play as SC Borussia München-Gladbach until August 1934. SC Borussia qualified to play in the Gauliga Niederrhein , one of sixteen top-flight divisions established in 1933 in the re-organization of German footballunder the Third Reich. They played two more season at that level as VfL before being relegated to lower tier competition until moving up to the Oberliga West in 1952.
Ascent to the Bundesliga
In 1960 the club won its first major honours when they beat Karlsruher SC 3:2 in the final of the German Cup and the following year took on the now familiar name Borussia VfL Mönchengladbach. Further honours would be another decade in coming. Borussia's results in the ten years leading up to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 were not good enough to earn them admission into the ranks of the nation's new top flight professional league and so they played in the second tier Regionalliga West.
Mönchengladbach played their way into the Bundesliga in the 1965-66 season, alongside future powerhouse Bayern Munich. These two clubs would go on to a fierce struggle as they challenged each other for league supremacy throughout the 1970s. Bayern counted first, winning the Bundesliga championship in 1969. M'gladbach struck back immediately in the next season with a championship of their own and followed up with another one in 1971, becoming the first Bundesliga club ever to successfully defend their title.
Borussia's Golden Decade
Bayern then became the first club to win three consecutive titles with Borussia finishing only a point behind the champions in 1974. Die Fohlen were able to take some consolation in a 2:1 victory over 1. FC Köln in 1973 to win their second German Cup. Under coach Hennes Weisweiler the young side displayed an offensive minded philosophy and powerful play that attracted fans from all over Germany. The team stayed on the attack and matched Bayern's achievement with three consecutive titles of their own from 1975 to 1977. M'gladbach lost the 1977 final of the European Cup to Liverpool, but also made four appearances in the UEFA Cup with wins in 1975 and 1979 against losses in 1973 and 1980. The club's spectacular run had come to an end with eight titles to their credit. And although they would continue to be competitive for many years, success would be much harder to come by.
1980 and Beyond
Mönchengladbach's golden era ended in the 80's as the club had to sell many of its best players to keep its finances in order, and without talented coaches like Hennes Weisweiler and Udo Lattek it was not possible to stay on top. Even so, they managed to finish most seasons in the upper half of the league table and, in 1984, they were part of a four way race to the Bundesliga championship, finishing one point ahead of Bayern, and tied on points with Hamburg and champions Stuttgart, but behind on goal differential. That same season M'gladbach lost the German Cup final to Bayern on penalties.
The team's performance slipped significantly in the 90's and they found themselves struggling in the lower half of the Bundesliga table. They lost another German Cup on penalties – this time to Hanover – before winning their last honours to date with a 3-0 Cup win over Wolfsburg in 1995. Finally, in 1999, they were relegated to 2.Bundesliga where they would spend two seasons. The club's return performance in the Bundesliga was uninspired as they remained mired in the bottom half of the league.
In 2004, M'Gladbach hired Dick Advocaat, who had guided the Dutch national team to the semi-finals of the Euro 2004 tournament and was a successful manager at Rangers, as their new coach. He was unable to turn the team's fortunes and resigned in April the next year. Former Mönchengladbach player and German international Horst Köppel was appointed caretaker for the remaining five fixtures of the season. Köppel had managed the club's reserves since leaving Borussia Dortmund in June 2004. For the 2006/2007 season legendary Mönchengladbach player and coach Jupp Heynckes was appointed as team coach.
Borussia has taken steps to improve their financial situation with the construction of a new state-of-the-art stadium called Borussia-Park with a permitted capacity of 59,771 spectators (limited to 54,067 for Bundesliga games and to 46,249 for international games). The club had long been hindered by playing in a much smaller and older facility (Bökelberg, capacity 34,500) and with the opening of the new stadium in 2004 can look forward to increased revenues through higher ticket sales and the ability to host lucrative international matches.
On the 31st matchday of the 2006/2007 season Borussia Mönchengladbach were relegated from the Bundesliga after Arminia Bielefeld upset Werder Bremen 3-2 while Borussia lost 1-0 at home to VfB Stuttgart.
Players
Current squad
GK
Christofer Heimeroth
2
MF
Sebastian Schachten
3
DF
Filip Daems
4
DF
Roel Brouwers
5
DF
Steve Gohouri
6
MF
Eugen Polanski
7
MF
Soumaila Coulibaly
8
MF
Sebastian Svärd
9
FW
Nando Rafael
10
MF
Sascha Rösler
11
MF
Marko Marin
13
DF
Alexander Voigt
14
FW
Sharbel Touma
FW
Rob Friend
17
MF
Patrick Paauwe
18
DF
Marvin Compper
19
GK
Frederic Löhe
20
DF
Kasper Bøgelund
21
GK
Uwe Gospodarek
22
DF
Tobias Levels
23
FW
Marcel Ndjeng
25
FW
Moses Lamidi
26
DF
Robert Fleßers
27
FW
Oliver Neuville (captain)
29
MF
Alexander Baumjohann
30
FW
Roberto Colautti
Famous players
Heinz Ditgens became the club's first international in 1936. Since then Borussia Mönchengladbach has sent over 30 players to the national team, many of these from their outstanding sides of the 1970s. The 1974 World Cup winning side included five "Foals" players.
In descending order, these are the club's foremost heroes:
Günter Netzer, the glamour footballer of the early 1970s, Euro 72 winner, later Real Madrid.
Jupp Heynckes, the club's most prolific goalscorer with 195 goals, Bundesliga all time 3rd
Berti Vogts, 96 caps, sturdy defender World Cup winner 1974
Allan Simonsen, "Danish Dynamite", 1977 European Footballer of the Year
Rainer Bonhof, versatile midfielder, World Cup winner 1974
Herbert Wimmer, infatiguable midfield flanker, winner Euro 72 & World Cup 1974
Albert Brülls, 1959 Borussia's first post-war international, 25 caps and two WC tournaments
Uli Stielike, classy midfielder, later Real Madrid.
Henning Jensen, another Danish explosive, later Real Madrid
Lothar Matthäus, started his Bundesliga career with Borussia, World Cup winner 1990
Stefan Effenberg, later Bayern Munich's Champions league winning captain.
Oliver Bierhoff, striker
Toni Polster, Austrian striker
Uwe Rahn
Marcell Jansen
Honorable mentions are also deserved by:
Dietmar Danner, Ludwig Müller, Dane Ulrik LeFevre, Damian Mori, Peter Dietrich, Michael Frontzeck, the one eyed Wilfried Hannes, Wolfgang Kleff, Horst Köppel, Herbert Laumen, Frank Mill, Oliver Neuville, Klaus Sieloff, Hartwig Bleidick, Kasey Keller.
(see also: List of Borussia Mönchengladbach players)
Honours
Borussia Mönchengladbach's five Bundesliga championships entitle the club to display two gold stars of the "Verdiente Meistervereine".
German Champions: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1976, 1977
German Cup: 1960, 1973, 1995
UEFA Cup: 1975, 1979
Players' Honours
Players of the club achieved the following honours:
Player of the Year - Europe
1977 Allan Simonsen
Player of the Year - Germany
1987 Uwe Rahn
1979 Berti Vogts
1973 Günter Netzer
1972 Günter Netzer
1971 Berti Vogts
Bundesliga Top-Scorers
1995 - 20 Goals - Heiko Herrlich (jointly with Mario Basler (Werder Bremen))
1987 - 24 Goals - Uwe Rahn
1975 - 29 Goals - Jupp Heynckes
1974 - 30 Goals - Jupp Heynckes (jointly with Gerd Müller (FC Bayern München))
Recent League Finishes
1984/85: 4th
1985/86: 4th
1986/87: 3rd
1987/88: 7th
1988/89: 6th
1989/90: 15th
1990/91: 9th
1991/92: 13th
1992/93: 9th
1993/94: 10th
1994/95: 5th (Qualified for Cup Winners' Cup)
1995/96: 4th (Qualified for UEFA Cup)
1996/97: 11th
1997/98: 15th
1998/99: 18th (Relegated to 2. Bundesliga)
1999/00: 5th in 2. Bundesliga
2000/01: 2nd in 2. Bundesliga (Promoted to 1. Bundesliga)
2001/02: 12th
2002/03: 12th
2003/04: 11th
2004/05: 15th
2005/06: 10th
2006/07: 18th (Relegated to 2. Bundesliga)
Trivia
Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines.The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.
Borussia Mönchengladbach's name is attached to a number of Bundesliga records:
Mönchengladbach has a fearsome record when it comes to laying a drubbing on other teams. On April 29, 1978 they beat Borussia Dortmund (12:0), the biggest winning margin ever in league history, as well as the most goals scored by a single side in a match. The Dortmund coach, Otto Rehhagel, was not only immediately fired after the game, he got also the nickname "Torhagel" ("Goal hail"). They also hold second place in the category for beating Schalke 04 (11:0) on January 7, 1967, and third place for a pair of (10:0) victories over Eintracht Braunschweig on November 11, 1984 and Borussia Neunkirchen on November 4, 1967.
The most penalties in a match is 5 in a game played between M'gladbach and Dortmund on November 9, 1965.
In 1961, Borussia became the first German side in the Cup Winners' Cup. However, they got a proper hiding by Rangers FC of Glasgow in the quarterfinals with 0-3 and 0-8. The quarterfinals were the first round then.
On 20th October 1971 Borussia Mönchengladbach won 7:1 vs Inter Milan. Fortunately for Inter, an empty Coca-Cola tin can was thrown at Inter striker Roberto Boninsegna, who collapsed to the ground, supposedly hit by that tin (“Büchsenwurf vom Bökelberg”). Inter launched a protest against the result and the UEFA granted a re-match to be staged in Germany with Berlin's Olympiastadion chosen, which ended in a goalless draw.
Lothar Matthäus (surname derived from Greek “Matthew”) got the nickname “Judas” from the Borussia fans not only because of the biblical origin of his last name, but foremost because they consider him a traitor. He did not only leave for the arch rival Bayern München, but in his last game for Gladbach, which was the German Cup Final, he missed a penalty in the decisive shoot-out - against Bayern!
In 1997, Borussia Mönchengladbach played the first and only Reebok Cup ever held, being runner-ups and losing the final to champions Atletico Junior from Barranquilla (Colombia).
The official mascot of the club is the foal "Jünter".
German airline LTU has an A320 jet airplane dedicated to the team #.
External links
Official team site in German and English
The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Borussia-Park the team's new stadium
Tactics and LineUps
Monchengladbach statistics
Borussia World
FohlenKommando
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Ascent to the Bundesliga
1.3 Borussia's Golden Decade
1.4 1980 and Beyond
2 Players
2.1 Current squad
2.2 Famous players
3 Honours
3.1 Players' Honours
4 Recent League Finishes
5 Trivia
6 External links
History
Early history
The club's forerunner was a loose association of young men known as FC Germania München-Gladbach from the city's Eicken district organized in late 1899. FC Borussia M.Gladbach was formally established on August 1, 1900 and took up play in the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Spielverband.
The new club made steady progress, moving upward through the different levels of league play and in 1912 appeared in the final of the Westdeutsche Verbandsliga, losing 2:4 to Kölner BC. In 1919, they joined Turnverein Germania 1889 to form Verein für Turn- und Rasensport 1889 München-Gladbach. The next year VfTuR made a second appearance in the final against Kölner BC, this time coming away with a 3:2 overtime victory. The next month they played their first game in a national championship playoffs, but did poorly, losing 0:7 to SpVgg Fürth in the opening round. In 1921, the footballers decided to leave Germania's gymnasts behind to form Borussia VfL München-Gladbach.
In 1933 the club formed a short-lived union with SC München-Gladbach to play as SC Borussia München-Gladbach until August 1934. SC Borussia qualified to play in the Gauliga Niederrhein , one of sixteen top-flight divisions established in 1933 in the re-organization of German footballunder the Third Reich. They played two more season at that level as VfL before being relegated to lower tier competition until moving up to the Oberliga West in 1952.
Ascent to the Bundesliga
In 1960 the club won its first major honours when they beat Karlsruher SC 3:2 in the final of the German Cup and the following year took on the now familiar name Borussia VfL Mönchengladbach. Further honours would be another decade in coming. Borussia's results in the ten years leading up to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 were not good enough to earn them admission into the ranks of the nation's new top flight professional league and so they played in the second tier Regionalliga West.
Mönchengladbach played their way into the Bundesliga in the 1965-66 season, alongside future powerhouse Bayern Munich. These two clubs would go on to a fierce struggle as they challenged each other for league supremacy throughout the 1970s. Bayern counted first, winning the Bundesliga championship in 1969. M'gladbach struck back immediately in the next season with a championship of their own and followed up with another one in 1971, becoming the first Bundesliga club ever to successfully defend their title.
Borussia's Golden Decade
Bayern then became the first club to win three consecutive titles with Borussia finishing only a point behind the champions in 1974. Die Fohlen were able to take some consolation in a 2:1 victory over 1. FC Köln in 1973 to win their second German Cup. Under coach Hennes Weisweiler the young side displayed an offensive minded philosophy and powerful play that attracted fans from all over Germany. The team stayed on the attack and matched Bayern's achievement with three consecutive titles of their own from 1975 to 1977. M'gladbach lost the 1977 final of the European Cup to Liverpool, but also made four appearances in the UEFA Cup with wins in 1975 and 1979 against losses in 1973 and 1980. The club's spectacular run had come to an end with eight titles to their credit. And although they would continue to be competitive for many years, success would be much harder to come by.
1980 and Beyond
Mönchengladbach's golden era ended in the 80's as the club had to sell many of its best players to keep its finances in order, and without talented coaches like Hennes Weisweiler and Udo Lattek it was not possible to stay on top. Even so, they managed to finish most seasons in the upper half of the league table and, in 1984, they were part of a four way race to the Bundesliga championship, finishing one point ahead of Bayern, and tied on points with Hamburg and champions Stuttgart, but behind on goal differential. That same season M'gladbach lost the German Cup final to Bayern on penalties.
The team's performance slipped significantly in the 90's and they found themselves struggling in the lower half of the Bundesliga table. They lost another German Cup on penalties – this time to Hanover – before winning their last honours to date with a 3-0 Cup win over Wolfsburg in 1995. Finally, in 1999, they were relegated to 2.Bundesliga where they would spend two seasons. The club's return performance in the Bundesliga was uninspired as they remained mired in the bottom half of the league.
In 2004, M'Gladbach hired Dick Advocaat, who had guided the Dutch national team to the semi-finals of the Euro 2004 tournament and was a successful manager at Rangers, as their new coach. He was unable to turn the team's fortunes and resigned in April the next year. Former Mönchengladbach player and German international Horst Köppel was appointed caretaker for the remaining five fixtures of the season. Köppel had managed the club's reserves since leaving Borussia Dortmund in June 2004. For the 2006/2007 season legendary Mönchengladbach player and coach Jupp Heynckes was appointed as team coach.
Borussia has taken steps to improve their financial situation with the construction of a new state-of-the-art stadium called Borussia-Park with a permitted capacity of 59,771 spectators (limited to 54,067 for Bundesliga games and to 46,249 for international games). The club had long been hindered by playing in a much smaller and older facility (Bökelberg, capacity 34,500) and with the opening of the new stadium in 2004 can look forward to increased revenues through higher ticket sales and the ability to host lucrative international matches.
On the 31st matchday of the 2006/2007 season Borussia Mönchengladbach were relegated from the Bundesliga after Arminia Bielefeld upset Werder Bremen 3-2 while Borussia lost 1-0 at home to VfB Stuttgart.
Players
Current squad
GK
Christofer Heimeroth
2
MF
Sebastian Schachten
3
DF
Filip Daems
4
DF
Roel Brouwers
5
DF
Steve Gohouri
6
MF
Eugen Polanski
7
MF
Soumaila Coulibaly
8
MF
Sebastian Svärd
9
FW
Nando Rafael
10
MF
Sascha Rösler
11
MF
Marko Marin
13
DF
Alexander Voigt
14
FW
Sharbel Touma
FW
Rob Friend
17
MF
Patrick Paauwe
18
DF
Marvin Compper
19
GK
Frederic Löhe
20
DF
Kasper Bøgelund
21
GK
Uwe Gospodarek
22
DF
Tobias Levels
23
FW
Marcel Ndjeng
25
FW
Moses Lamidi
26
DF
Robert Fleßers
27
FW
Oliver Neuville (captain)
29
MF
Alexander Baumjohann
30
FW
Roberto Colautti
Famous players
Heinz Ditgens became the club's first international in 1936. Since then Borussia Mönchengladbach has sent over 30 players to the national team, many of these from their outstanding sides of the 1970s. The 1974 World Cup winning side included five "Foals" players.
In descending order, these are the club's foremost heroes:
Günter Netzer, the glamour footballer of the early 1970s, Euro 72 winner, later Real Madrid.
Jupp Heynckes, the club's most prolific goalscorer with 195 goals, Bundesliga all time 3rd
Berti Vogts, 96 caps, sturdy defender World Cup winner 1974
Allan Simonsen, "Danish Dynamite", 1977 European Footballer of the Year
Rainer Bonhof, versatile midfielder, World Cup winner 1974
Herbert Wimmer, infatiguable midfield flanker, winner Euro 72 & World Cup 1974
Albert Brülls, 1959 Borussia's first post-war international, 25 caps and two WC tournaments
Uli Stielike, classy midfielder, later Real Madrid.
Henning Jensen, another Danish explosive, later Real Madrid
Lothar Matthäus, started his Bundesliga career with Borussia, World Cup winner 1990
Stefan Effenberg, later Bayern Munich's Champions league winning captain.
Oliver Bierhoff, striker
Toni Polster, Austrian striker
Uwe Rahn
Marcell Jansen
Honorable mentions are also deserved by:
Dietmar Danner, Ludwig Müller, Dane Ulrik LeFevre, Damian Mori, Peter Dietrich, Michael Frontzeck, the one eyed Wilfried Hannes, Wolfgang Kleff, Horst Köppel, Herbert Laumen, Frank Mill, Oliver Neuville, Klaus Sieloff, Hartwig Bleidick, Kasey Keller.
(see also: List of Borussia Mönchengladbach players)
Honours
Borussia Mönchengladbach's five Bundesliga championships entitle the club to display two gold stars of the "Verdiente Meistervereine".
German Champions: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1976, 1977
German Cup: 1960, 1973, 1995
UEFA Cup: 1975, 1979
Players' Honours
Players of the club achieved the following honours:
Player of the Year - Europe
1977 Allan Simonsen
Player of the Year - Germany
1987 Uwe Rahn
1979 Berti Vogts
1973 Günter Netzer
1972 Günter Netzer
1971 Berti Vogts
Bundesliga Top-Scorers
1995 - 20 Goals - Heiko Herrlich (jointly with Mario Basler (Werder Bremen))
1987 - 24 Goals - Uwe Rahn
1975 - 29 Goals - Jupp Heynckes
1974 - 30 Goals - Jupp Heynckes (jointly with Gerd Müller (FC Bayern München))
Recent League Finishes
1984/85: 4th
1985/86: 4th
1986/87: 3rd
1987/88: 7th
1988/89: 6th
1989/90: 15th
1990/91: 9th
1991/92: 13th
1992/93: 9th
1993/94: 10th
1994/95: 5th (Qualified for Cup Winners' Cup)
1995/96: 4th (Qualified for UEFA Cup)
1996/97: 11th
1997/98: 15th
1998/99: 18th (Relegated to 2. Bundesliga)
1999/00: 5th in 2. Bundesliga
2000/01: 2nd in 2. Bundesliga (Promoted to 1. Bundesliga)
2001/02: 12th
2002/03: 12th
2003/04: 11th
2004/05: 15th
2005/06: 10th
2006/07: 18th (Relegated to 2. Bundesliga)
Trivia
Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines.The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.
Borussia Mönchengladbach's name is attached to a number of Bundesliga records:
Mönchengladbach has a fearsome record when it comes to laying a drubbing on other teams. On April 29, 1978 they beat Borussia Dortmund (12:0), the biggest winning margin ever in league history, as well as the most goals scored by a single side in a match. The Dortmund coach, Otto Rehhagel, was not only immediately fired after the game, he got also the nickname "Torhagel" ("Goal hail"). They also hold second place in the category for beating Schalke 04 (11:0) on January 7, 1967, and third place for a pair of (10:0) victories over Eintracht Braunschweig on November 11, 1984 and Borussia Neunkirchen on November 4, 1967.
The most penalties in a match is 5 in a game played between M'gladbach and Dortmund on November 9, 1965.
In 1961, Borussia became the first German side in the Cup Winners' Cup. However, they got a proper hiding by Rangers FC of Glasgow in the quarterfinals with 0-3 and 0-8. The quarterfinals were the first round then.
On 20th October 1971 Borussia Mönchengladbach won 7:1 vs Inter Milan. Fortunately for Inter, an empty Coca-Cola tin can was thrown at Inter striker Roberto Boninsegna, who collapsed to the ground, supposedly hit by that tin (“Büchsenwurf vom Bökelberg”). Inter launched a protest against the result and the UEFA granted a re-match to be staged in Germany with Berlin's Olympiastadion chosen, which ended in a goalless draw.
Lothar Matthäus (surname derived from Greek “Matthew”) got the nickname “Judas” from the Borussia fans not only because of the biblical origin of his last name, but foremost because they consider him a traitor. He did not only leave for the arch rival Bayern München, but in his last game for Gladbach, which was the German Cup Final, he missed a penalty in the decisive shoot-out - against Bayern!
In 1997, Borussia Mönchengladbach played the first and only Reebok Cup ever held, being runner-ups and losing the final to champions Atletico Junior from Barranquilla (Colombia).
The official mascot of the club is the foal "Jünter".
German airline LTU has an A320 jet airplane dedicated to the team #.
External links
Official team site in German and English
The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Borussia-Park the team's new stadium
Tactics and LineUps
Monchengladbach statistics
Borussia World
FohlenKommando
1. FSV Mainz 05
History
Early years
A failed attempt to start a football team in the city in 1903 was followed up two years later by the successful creation of 1. Mainzer Fussballclub Hassia 1905. After a number of years of play in the Süddeutschen Fußballverband (South German Football League), the club merged with FC Hermannia 07 – the former football side of Mainzer TV 1817 – to form 1. Mainzer Fussballverein Hassia 05, which dropped "Hassia" from its name in August 1912. Another merger after World War I, in 1919, with Sportverein 1908 Mainz, resulted in the formation of 1. Mainzer Fußball- und Sportverein 05. Die Nullfünfer were a solid club that earned several regional league championships in the period between the wars and qualified for the opening round of the national championships in 1921.
Play under the Third Reich
In the late 20s and early 30s the club earned decent results in the Bezirksliga Main/Hessen - Gruppe Hessen, including first place finishes in 1932 and 1933. This merited the team a place in the Gauliga Südwest, one of sixteen new first division leagues formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich . Unfortunately, they only managed a single season at that level before being relegated. In 1938, they were forced into a merger with Reichsbahn SV Mainz and played as Reichsbahn SV Mainz 05 until the end of World War II.
Long march to the Bundesliga
After the war the team again joined the upper ranks of league play in Germany's Oberliga Südwest, but were never better than a mid-table side. They played in the top flight until the founding of the new professional league, the Bundesliga, in 1963 and would go on to play as a second division side for most of the next four decades. They withdrew for a time – from the late 70's into the late 80's – to the Amateur Oberliga Sudwest (III), as the result of a series of financial problems. Mainz earned honours as the German amateur champions in 1982.
The club returned to professional play with promotion to the 2.Bundesliga for a single season in 1988 before finally returning for an extended run in 1990. Initially, they were perennial relegation candidates, struggling hard each season to avoid being sent down. However, under unorthodox trainer Wolfgang Frank, Mainz became one of the first clubs in German soccer to adopt a flat four zone defense, as opposed to the then-popular man-to-man defense using a libero.
Mainz failed in three attempts to make it to the top flight in 1997, 2002, and 2003 with close fourth place finishes just out of the promotion zone. The last failed attempt stung as they were denied promotion in the 93rd minute of the last game. A year earlier, they became the best non-promoted team of all time in the Second Bundesliga with 64 points. But their persistence paid dividends with an ascent into the Bundesliga in 2004. The team is playing their third season in the top flight.
Mainz also earned a spot in the UEFA Cup in their debut Bundesliga season as Germany's nominee in the "Fair Play" draw which acknowledges positive play, respect for one's opponent, respect for the referee, the behaviour of the crowd and of team officials, as well as cautions and dismissals. Three "Fair Play" sides earned admission into the first round of UEFA Cup play. Due to the Bruchweg stadium's limited capacity, the home games in UEFA cup were played in Frankfurt's Commerzbank-Arena.
Current position
Mainz finished the 2005-06 season in mid-table, five points clear of relegation, on the strength of a five game unbeaten streak to end the season. The 2006/07 season brought their three-year run in the Bundesliga to an end, where they won only 8 of their 34 games and finished third-last. Mainz were thus relegated and will play in the Second Bundesliga for the 2007/08 season.
Stadium
Die Nullfünfer play in Stadion am Bruchweg, built in 1928 and modified several times over the years to hold a crowd of over 20,300 spectators. Averaging crowds of about 15,000 while in the 2.Bundesliga, the team's recent and hard won success has them regularly filling their venue.
Despite relegation, the club has announced that they will build a new stadium in 2009.[1]
Club culture
Mainz is known for being one of the three foremost carnival cities in Germany, the others being Düsseldorf and Cologne. After every Mainzer goal scored at a home game, the Narhallamarsch, a famous German carnival tune, is played.
Honors
German amateur champions: 1982
UEFA Fair Play selection: 2005
Famous players
Sirous Dinmohammadi
Manuel Friedrich
Emil Kostadinov
Mohamed Zidan
Andriy Voronin
Elkin Soto
Félix Borja
Current squad (2007/08)
1
GK
Dimo Wache
2
DF
Bo Svensson
3
MF
Damir Vrančić
4
DF
Nikolce Noveski
5
DF
Christian Demirtas
6
DF
Tim Hoogland
7
MF
Markus Feulner
8
FW
Srdjan Baljak
9
FW
Félix Borja
11
FW
Petr Ruman
12
DF
Wellington Silva
13
MF
Milorad Peković
14
FW
Tobias Damm
17
DF
Marco Rose
18
MF
Fabian Liesenfeld
19
MF
Elkin Soto
20
FW
Ranisav Jovanović
21
MF
Miroslav Karhan
22
FW
Chadli Amri
24
DF
Stefan Markolf
25
MF
Mario Vrančić
27
MF
Daniel Gunkel
28
DF
Neven Subotic
29
GK
Christian Wetklo
30
GK
Daniel Ischdonat
External links
Official team site
Online Archive of Mainz 05
Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Mainz 05 statistics
Mainz Online Fanzine (in German)
Early years
A failed attempt to start a football team in the city in 1903 was followed up two years later by the successful creation of 1. Mainzer Fussballclub Hassia 1905. After a number of years of play in the Süddeutschen Fußballverband (South German Football League), the club merged with FC Hermannia 07 – the former football side of Mainzer TV 1817 – to form 1. Mainzer Fussballverein Hassia 05, which dropped "Hassia" from its name in August 1912. Another merger after World War I, in 1919, with Sportverein 1908 Mainz, resulted in the formation of 1. Mainzer Fußball- und Sportverein 05. Die Nullfünfer were a solid club that earned several regional league championships in the period between the wars and qualified for the opening round of the national championships in 1921.
Play under the Third Reich
In the late 20s and early 30s the club earned decent results in the Bezirksliga Main/Hessen - Gruppe Hessen, including first place finishes in 1932 and 1933. This merited the team a place in the Gauliga Südwest, one of sixteen new first division leagues formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich . Unfortunately, they only managed a single season at that level before being relegated. In 1938, they were forced into a merger with Reichsbahn SV Mainz and played as Reichsbahn SV Mainz 05 until the end of World War II.
Long march to the Bundesliga
After the war the team again joined the upper ranks of league play in Germany's Oberliga Südwest, but were never better than a mid-table side. They played in the top flight until the founding of the new professional league, the Bundesliga, in 1963 and would go on to play as a second division side for most of the next four decades. They withdrew for a time – from the late 70's into the late 80's – to the Amateur Oberliga Sudwest (III), as the result of a series of financial problems. Mainz earned honours as the German amateur champions in 1982.
The club returned to professional play with promotion to the 2.Bundesliga for a single season in 1988 before finally returning for an extended run in 1990. Initially, they were perennial relegation candidates, struggling hard each season to avoid being sent down. However, under unorthodox trainer Wolfgang Frank, Mainz became one of the first clubs in German soccer to adopt a flat four zone defense, as opposed to the then-popular man-to-man defense using a libero.
Mainz failed in three attempts to make it to the top flight in 1997, 2002, and 2003 with close fourth place finishes just out of the promotion zone. The last failed attempt stung as they were denied promotion in the 93rd minute of the last game. A year earlier, they became the best non-promoted team of all time in the Second Bundesliga with 64 points. But their persistence paid dividends with an ascent into the Bundesliga in 2004. The team is playing their third season in the top flight.
Mainz also earned a spot in the UEFA Cup in their debut Bundesliga season as Germany's nominee in the "Fair Play" draw which acknowledges positive play, respect for one's opponent, respect for the referee, the behaviour of the crowd and of team officials, as well as cautions and dismissals. Three "Fair Play" sides earned admission into the first round of UEFA Cup play. Due to the Bruchweg stadium's limited capacity, the home games in UEFA cup were played in Frankfurt's Commerzbank-Arena.
Current position
Mainz finished the 2005-06 season in mid-table, five points clear of relegation, on the strength of a five game unbeaten streak to end the season. The 2006/07 season brought their three-year run in the Bundesliga to an end, where they won only 8 of their 34 games and finished third-last. Mainz were thus relegated and will play in the Second Bundesliga for the 2007/08 season.
Stadium
Die Nullfünfer play in Stadion am Bruchweg, built in 1928 and modified several times over the years to hold a crowd of over 20,300 spectators. Averaging crowds of about 15,000 while in the 2.Bundesliga, the team's recent and hard won success has them regularly filling their venue.
Despite relegation, the club has announced that they will build a new stadium in 2009.[1]
Club culture
Mainz is known for being one of the three foremost carnival cities in Germany, the others being Düsseldorf and Cologne. After every Mainzer goal scored at a home game, the Narhallamarsch, a famous German carnival tune, is played.
Honors
German amateur champions: 1982
UEFA Fair Play selection: 2005
Famous players
Sirous Dinmohammadi
Manuel Friedrich
Emil Kostadinov
Mohamed Zidan
Andriy Voronin
Elkin Soto
Félix Borja
Current squad (2007/08)
1
GK
Dimo Wache
2
DF
Bo Svensson
3
MF
Damir Vrančić
4
DF
Nikolce Noveski
5
DF
Christian Demirtas
6
DF
Tim Hoogland
7
MF
Markus Feulner
8
FW
Srdjan Baljak
9
FW
Félix Borja
11
FW
Petr Ruman
12
DF
Wellington Silva
13
MF
Milorad Peković
14
FW
Tobias Damm
17
DF
Marco Rose
18
MF
Fabian Liesenfeld
19
MF
Elkin Soto
20
FW
Ranisav Jovanović
21
MF
Miroslav Karhan
22
FW
Chadli Amri
24
DF
Stefan Markolf
25
MF
Mario Vrančić
27
MF
Daniel Gunkel
28
DF
Neven Subotic
29
GK
Christian Wetklo
30
GK
Daniel Ischdonat
External links
Official team site
Online Archive of Mainz 05
Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Mainz 05 statistics
Mainz Online Fanzine (in German)
Mainz, town of the German wine
Mainz, town of the German wine
Mainz is one of the centers of the German wine economy as a center for wine trade and the seat of the wine minister. Due to the importance of the wine industry for the federal state, Rhineland-Palatinate is the only state to have a wine minister in his capital city. Many wine traders work in the town. The sparkling wine producer Kupferberg produces in Mainz-Hechtsheim and even Henkell - now located on the other side of the river Rhine - had been founded once in Mainz.
Mainz had been a wine growing region since Roman times and the image of the wine town Mainz is fostered by the tourist center. The Haus des Deutschen Weines (English: House of the German Wine), is located in beside the theater. It is the seat of the German Wine Academy, the German Wine Institute (DWI) and the German Wine Fund (DWF). The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.
Johann-Joseph Krug, founder of France's famous Krug champagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.
Mainz is one of the centers of the German wine economy as a center for wine trade and the seat of the wine minister. Due to the importance of the wine industry for the federal state, Rhineland-Palatinate is the only state to have a wine minister in his capital city. Many wine traders work in the town. The sparkling wine producer Kupferberg produces in Mainz-Hechtsheim and even Henkell - now located on the other side of the river Rhine - had been founded once in Mainz.
Mainz had been a wine growing region since Roman times and the image of the wine town Mainz is fostered by the tourist center. The Haus des Deutschen Weines (English: House of the German Wine), is located in beside the theater. It is the seat of the German Wine Academy, the German Wine Institute (DWI) and the German Wine Fund (DWF). The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.
Johann-Joseph Krug, founder of France's famous Krug champagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.
Main Sights in Mainz
Roman-Germanic central museum (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum). It is home to Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts.
Antique Maritime Museum (Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). It houses the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s.
Roman remains, including Jupiter's column, Drusus' mausoleum, the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct.
Mainz Cathedral of St. Martin (Mainzer Dom), over 1,000 years old.
The Iron Tower (Eisenturm, tower at the former iron market), a tower from the 13th century.
The Wood Tower (Holzturm, tower at the former wood market), a tower from the 14th century.
The Gutenberg Museum – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later.
The Mainz Old Town – what's left of it, the quarter south of the cathedral survived World War II.
The Electoral Palace (Kurfürstliches Schloss), residence of the prince-elector .
Marktbrunnen, one of the largest Renaissance fountains in Germany.
Domus Universitatis (1615), for centuries the tallest edifice in Mainz.
Christ Church (Christuskirche), built 1898–1903, bombed in ’45 and rebuilt in 1948–1954.
The Church of St. Stephan, with post-war windows by Marc Chagall.
Citadel.
Schönborner Hof (1668).
Rococo churches of St. Augustin (the Augustinerkirche, Mainz) and St. Peter (the Petruskirche, Mainz).
Church of St. Ignatius (1763).
Erthaler Hof (1743).
Antique Maritime Museum (Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). It houses the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s.
Roman remains, including Jupiter's column, Drusus' mausoleum, the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct.
Mainz Cathedral of St. Martin (Mainzer Dom), over 1,000 years old.
The Iron Tower (Eisenturm, tower at the former iron market), a tower from the 13th century.
The Wood Tower (Holzturm, tower at the former wood market), a tower from the 14th century.
The Gutenberg Museum – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later.
The Mainz Old Town – what's left of it, the quarter south of the cathedral survived World War II.
The Electoral Palace (Kurfürstliches Schloss), residence of the prince-elector .
Marktbrunnen, one of the largest Renaissance fountains in Germany.
Domus Universitatis (1615), for centuries the tallest edifice in Mainz.
Christ Church (Christuskirche), built 1898–1903, bombed in ’45 and rebuilt in 1948–1954.
The Church of St. Stephan, with post-war windows by Marc Chagall.
Citadel.
Schönborner Hof (1668).
Rococo churches of St. Augustin (the Augustinerkirche, Mainz) and St. Peter (the Petruskirche, Mainz).
Church of St. Ignatius (1763).
Erthaler Hof (1743).
Culture of Mainz
As city in the Greater Region, Mainz participates in the program of the year of European Capital of Culture 2007.
The Walk of Fame of Cabaret may be found nearby the Schillerplatz.
The music publisher Schott Music in located in Mainz.
The Walk of Fame of Cabaret may be found nearby the Schillerplatz.
The music publisher Schott Music in located in Mainz.
History of Mainz
Roman Moguntiacum
Remains from a Roman town gate from the late 4th century.
The Roman stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus perhaps as early as 13 BC. As related by Suetonius the existence of Moguntiacum is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of Nero Claudius Drusus), though several other theories suggest the site may have been established earlier.[2] Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the Main river, the name of Mainz is not from Main, the similarity being perhaps due to diachronic analogy. Main is from Latin Menus, the name the Romans used for the river. Linguistic analysis of the many forms of the name "Mainz" have taken on, make it clear that it is a simplification of Moguntiacum.
The name appears to be Celtic and ultimately it is from the Celtic. However, it also had become Roman and was selected by the Romans with a special significance. The Roman soldiers defending Gallia had adopted the Gallic god Mogons (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such as Alexander magnus, "Alexander the Great" and Pompeius magnus, "Pompey the great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.[3]
The Drusus monument (surrounded by the 17th century citadel) raised by Drusus' men to commemorate him.
To name the fort after this particular god was an ideological statement. It was placed in the territory of the Vangiones, a formerly Germanic tribe now Celticised and working for the Romans. Their capital was at Worms on the same side of the Rhine not far to the south. Dedications of their troops serving in Britain mention the god frequently. Germania Superior was a geographical gateway between Gaul and Germany. The Romans were saying in essence by placing the fort here and naming it that "You barbarians shall not pass into the civilized and international state because the might of its youth inspired by its ancient god will stop you." If the barbarians needed any example, the previous fate of the Vangiones, who had come as conquerors and were conquered, was before them.
Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The town of Moguntiacus grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base of Legio XIIII Gemina and XVI Gallica (AD 9–43), XXII Primigenia, IIII Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70-88), XXI Rapax (70-89), and XIIII Gemina (70–92), among others. Mainz was also the base of a Roman river fleet (the remains of Roman patrol boats and cargo barges from about 375/6 were discovered in 1982 and may now be viewed in the Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superior, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon. Among the famous buildings were the largest theatre north of the Alps and a bridge across the rhine.
Alamanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368. In last days of 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes took advantage of the rare freezing of the Rhine to cross the river at Mainz and overwhelm the Roman defences. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alamannian Crocus. The way was open to the sack of Trier and the invasion of Gaul. This event is familiar to many from the historical novel, Eagle in the Snow, by Wallace Breem.
Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still the cenotaph raised by his legionaries to commemorate Drusus.
Frankish Mainz
Through a series of incursions during the 4th century Alsace gradually lost its Belgic ethnic character of formerly Germanic tribes among Celts ruled by Romans and became predominantly influenced by the Alamanni. The Romans repeatedly reasserted control; however, the troops stationed at Mainz became chiefly non-Italic and the emperors had only one or two Italian ancestors in a pedigree that included chiefly peoples of the northern frontier.
The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was Valentinian III, who relied heavily on his Magister militum per Gallias, Flavius Aëtius. By that time the army included large numbers of troops from the major Germanic confederacies along the Rhine, the Alamanni, the Saxons and the Franks. The Franks were an opponent that had risen to power and reputation among the Belgae of the lower Rhine during the 3rd century and repeatedly attempted to extend their influence upstream. In 358 the emperor Julian bought peace by giving them most of Germania Inferior, which they possessed anyway, and imposing service in the Roman army in exchange.
The European chessboard in the time of master Aëtius included Celts, Goths, Franks, Saxons, Alamanni, Huns, Italians, and Alans as well as numerous minor pieces. Aëtius played them all off against one another in a masterly effort to keep the peace under Roman sovereignty. He used Hunnic troops a number of times. At last a day of reckoning arrived between Aëtius and Attila, both commanding polyglot, multi-ethnic troops. Attila went through Alsace in 451, devastating the country and destroying Mainz and Triers with their Roman garrisons. Shortly after he was stalemated by Flavius Aëtius at the Battle of Chalons, the largest of the ancient world.
Aëtius was not to enjoy the victory long. He was assassinated by his employer's own hand in 454, who was himself stabbed to death by friends of Aëtius in 455. As far as the north was concerned this was the effective end of the Roman empire there. After some sanguinary but relatively brief contention a former subordinate of Aëtius, Ricimer, became emperor, taking the name Patrician. His father was a Suebian; his mother, a princess of the Visigoths. Patrician did not rule the north directly but set up a client province there, which functioned independently. The capital was at Soissons. Even then its status was equivocal. Many insisted it was the Kingdom of Soissons.
Previously the first of the Merovingians, Clodio, had been defeated by Aëtius at about 430. His son, Merovaeus, fought on the Roman side against Attila, and his son, Childeric, served in the domain of Soissons. Meanwhile the Franks were gradually infiltrating and assuming power in this domain. They also moved up the Rhine and created a domain in the region of the former Germania Superior with capital at Cologne. They became known as the Ripuarian Franks as opposed to the Salian Franks. It is unlikely that much of a population transfer or displacement occurred. The former Belgae simply became Franks.
Events moved rapidly in the late 5th century. Clovis, son of Childeric, became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from Tournai. In 486 he defeated Syagrius, last governor of the Soissons domain, and took northern France. He extended his reign to Cambrai and Tongeren in 490-491, and repelled the Alamanni is 496. Also in that year he converted to non-Arian Christianity.
After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496. Clovis annexed the kingdom of Cologne in 508. Thereafter, Mainz, in its strategic position, became one of the bases of the Frankish kingdom. Mainz had sheltered a Christian community long before the conversion of Clovis. His successor Dagobert reinforced the walls of Mainz and made it one of his seats. A solidus of Theodebert I (534-548) was minted at Mainz.
The Franks united the Celtic and Germanic tribes of Europe. The greatest Frank of all was Charlemagne (768-814), who built a new empire in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity. Meanwhile language change was gradually working to divide the Franks. Mainz spoke a dialect termed Ripuarian. On the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made. Mainz was not central any longer but was on the border, creating a question of the nationality to which it belonged, which descended into modern times as the question of Alsace-Lorraine.
St. Stephan Church is famous for its Chagall windows.
In the early Middle Ages, Mainz was a centre for the Christianisation of the German and Slavic peoples. The first Archbishop in Mainz, Boniface, was killed in 754 while trying to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda. Other early archbishops of Mainz include Rabanus Maurus, the scholar and author, and Willigis (975–1011), who began construction on the current building of the Mainz Cathedral and founded the monastery of St. Stephan.
From the time of Willigis until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Archbishops of Mainz were archchancellors of the Empire and the most important of the seven Electors of the German emperor. Besides Rome, the diocese of Mainz today is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see that is called a Holy See (sancta sedes). The Archbishops of Mainz traditionally were primas germaniae, the substitutes of the Pope north of the Alps.
In 1244, Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz a city charter, which included the right of the citizens to establish and elect a city council. The city saw a feud between two Archbishops in 1461, namely Diether von Isenburg, who was elected Archbishop by the cathedral chapter and supported by the citizens, and Adolf II von Nassau, who had been named Archbishop for Mainz by the Pope. In 1462, the Archbishop Adolf II raided the city of Mainz, plundering and killing 400 inhabitants. At a tribunal, those who had survived lost all their property, which was then divided between those who promised to follow Adolf II. Those who would not promise to follow Adolf II (amongst them Johann Gutenberg) were driven out of the town or thrown into prison. The new Archbishop revoked the city charter of Mainz and put the city under his direct rule. Ironically, after the death of Adolf II his successor was again Diether von Isenburg, now legally elected by the chapter and named by the Pope.
The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. Rabbi Gershom ben Judah (960-1040) taught there, among others. He concentrated on the study of the Talmud, creating a German Jewish tradition. The Jews of Mainz, Speyer and Worms created a supreme council to set standards in Jewish law and education in the 12th century.
The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving, in a sense, in a bipolar fashion towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were massacred or expelled. For example, they were expelled in 1462, invited to return and expelled again in 1474. Outbreaks of the Black Death were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred. This unstable pattern went on up to World War II.
Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and is considering the creation of a new synagogue. [4]
Main article: Republic of Mainz
During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, had already fled to Aschaffenburg by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the Jacobins of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the ‘Republic of Mainz’. Led by Georg Forster representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: As Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil, Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March, 1793. After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.
In 1797, the French returned. The army of Napoléon Bonaparte occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine river, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area. On 17 February 1800, the French Département du Mont-Tonnerre was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine river being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the next years, the weakened Napoléon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.
In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rhenish Hesse (German: Rheinhessen) was awarded to the Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hessian province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, to the German Confederation Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian and Prussian troops.
In the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city’s powder magazine, the Pulverturm, exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the Powder Tower Explosion or Powder Explosion.
During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the war of 1870/71 France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and this defined the new border between the two countries.
For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space, which led to disease and other inconveniences; in 1872, Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract for the expansion of the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the Gartenfeld, an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the shore of the Rhine River to the north of the rampart. The city expansion more than doubled the urban area, which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously passed the city by for decades.
Eduard Kreyßig was the man who made this happen. Having been the master builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Mr. Kreyßig had the vision of the new part of the town, the Mainz Neustadt; he also planned the very first sewer system (since Roman times) for the old part of the town, and it was he who persuaded the city government to relocate the railroad route from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. The Mainz master builder constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall — which was the largest one of its kind in Germany at that time — as well a synagogue, the Rhine harbor, and a number of public baths and school buildings. Mr. Kreyßig's last work was Christ Church (Christuskirche), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed especially for the use of a Protestant congregation.
After the end of World War I, Mainz was occupied by the French between 1919 and 1930, according to the Treaty of Versailles, which went into effect June 28 1919. The Rhineland (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935, and the French garrison, representing the Triple Entente, was to stay until reparations were paid.
The reparations were not paid and Germany preferred to wreck its economy through inflation than to pay them. In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement, which proclaimed a republic in the Rhineland. It collapsed in 1924. The French withdrew on June 30 1930. Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January, 1933. His political opponents, especially those of the Social Democratic Party, were either incarcerated or murdered. Some were able to move away from Mainz in time. One was the political organizer for the SPD, Friedrich Kellner, who went to Laubach, where as the chief justice inspector of the district court he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page diary.
In March, 1933, a detachment from the National Socialist Party in Worms brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the swastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936 the forces of the Third Reich reentered the Rhineland with a great fanfare, the first move of the Third Reich's meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.
During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the Oflag XII-B prisoner of war camp.
The Bishop of Mainz formed an organization to help Jews escape from Germany.
During World War II, more than 30 air raids and bomb attacks destroyed about 80% of the inner city of Mainz, including most of the historic buildings. Mainz fell on March 22 1945, to XII Corps, 90th Division, of the Third Army under the command of General George S. Patton, Jr. The forces of the 3rd Reich were defending it against a possible Rhine crossing there. It was the end of the Palatinate campaign. Patton used the ancient strategic gateway through Germania Superior to cross the Rhine south of Mainz, drove down the Danube towards Czechoslovakia, ending the possibility of a Bavarian redoubt, and crossed the Alps in Austria, when the war ended. With regard to the Roman road over which Patton attacked Trier, he said:
one could almost smell the coppery sweat and see the low dust clouds where those stark fighters moved forward into battle. (George S. Patton, War as I Knew It)
From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the French zone of occupation. When the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded on 18 May 1947, Koblenz was the temporary capital; in 1950 Mainz became the capital of the new state. In 1962, the diarist, Friedrich Kellner, returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his writings, is the subject of the Canadian documentary My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.
Remains from a Roman town gate from the late 4th century.
The Roman stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus perhaps as early as 13 BC. As related by Suetonius the existence of Moguntiacum is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of Nero Claudius Drusus), though several other theories suggest the site may have been established earlier.[2] Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the Main river, the name of Mainz is not from Main, the similarity being perhaps due to diachronic analogy. Main is from Latin Menus, the name the Romans used for the river. Linguistic analysis of the many forms of the name "Mainz" have taken on, make it clear that it is a simplification of Moguntiacum.
The name appears to be Celtic and ultimately it is from the Celtic. However, it also had become Roman and was selected by the Romans with a special significance. The Roman soldiers defending Gallia had adopted the Gallic god Mogons (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such as Alexander magnus, "Alexander the Great" and Pompeius magnus, "Pompey the great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.[3]
The Drusus monument (surrounded by the 17th century citadel) raised by Drusus' men to commemorate him.
To name the fort after this particular god was an ideological statement. It was placed in the territory of the Vangiones, a formerly Germanic tribe now Celticised and working for the Romans. Their capital was at Worms on the same side of the Rhine not far to the south. Dedications of their troops serving in Britain mention the god frequently. Germania Superior was a geographical gateway between Gaul and Germany. The Romans were saying in essence by placing the fort here and naming it that "You barbarians shall not pass into the civilized and international state because the might of its youth inspired by its ancient god will stop you." If the barbarians needed any example, the previous fate of the Vangiones, who had come as conquerors and were conquered, was before them.
Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The town of Moguntiacus grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base of Legio XIIII Gemina and XVI Gallica (AD 9–43), XXII Primigenia, IIII Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70-88), XXI Rapax (70-89), and XIIII Gemina (70–92), among others. Mainz was also the base of a Roman river fleet (the remains of Roman patrol boats and cargo barges from about 375/6 were discovered in 1982 and may now be viewed in the Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superior, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon. Among the famous buildings were the largest theatre north of the Alps and a bridge across the rhine.
Alamanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368. In last days of 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes took advantage of the rare freezing of the Rhine to cross the river at Mainz and overwhelm the Roman defences. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alamannian Crocus. The way was open to the sack of Trier and the invasion of Gaul. This event is familiar to many from the historical novel, Eagle in the Snow, by Wallace Breem.
Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still the cenotaph raised by his legionaries to commemorate Drusus.
Frankish Mainz
Through a series of incursions during the 4th century Alsace gradually lost its Belgic ethnic character of formerly Germanic tribes among Celts ruled by Romans and became predominantly influenced by the Alamanni. The Romans repeatedly reasserted control; however, the troops stationed at Mainz became chiefly non-Italic and the emperors had only one or two Italian ancestors in a pedigree that included chiefly peoples of the northern frontier.
The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was Valentinian III, who relied heavily on his Magister militum per Gallias, Flavius Aëtius. By that time the army included large numbers of troops from the major Germanic confederacies along the Rhine, the Alamanni, the Saxons and the Franks. The Franks were an opponent that had risen to power and reputation among the Belgae of the lower Rhine during the 3rd century and repeatedly attempted to extend their influence upstream. In 358 the emperor Julian bought peace by giving them most of Germania Inferior, which they possessed anyway, and imposing service in the Roman army in exchange.
The European chessboard in the time of master Aëtius included Celts, Goths, Franks, Saxons, Alamanni, Huns, Italians, and Alans as well as numerous minor pieces. Aëtius played them all off against one another in a masterly effort to keep the peace under Roman sovereignty. He used Hunnic troops a number of times. At last a day of reckoning arrived between Aëtius and Attila, both commanding polyglot, multi-ethnic troops. Attila went through Alsace in 451, devastating the country and destroying Mainz and Triers with their Roman garrisons. Shortly after he was stalemated by Flavius Aëtius at the Battle of Chalons, the largest of the ancient world.
Aëtius was not to enjoy the victory long. He was assassinated by his employer's own hand in 454, who was himself stabbed to death by friends of Aëtius in 455. As far as the north was concerned this was the effective end of the Roman empire there. After some sanguinary but relatively brief contention a former subordinate of Aëtius, Ricimer, became emperor, taking the name Patrician. His father was a Suebian; his mother, a princess of the Visigoths. Patrician did not rule the north directly but set up a client province there, which functioned independently. The capital was at Soissons. Even then its status was equivocal. Many insisted it was the Kingdom of Soissons.
Previously the first of the Merovingians, Clodio, had been defeated by Aëtius at about 430. His son, Merovaeus, fought on the Roman side against Attila, and his son, Childeric, served in the domain of Soissons. Meanwhile the Franks were gradually infiltrating and assuming power in this domain. They also moved up the Rhine and created a domain in the region of the former Germania Superior with capital at Cologne. They became known as the Ripuarian Franks as opposed to the Salian Franks. It is unlikely that much of a population transfer or displacement occurred. The former Belgae simply became Franks.
Events moved rapidly in the late 5th century. Clovis, son of Childeric, became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from Tournai. In 486 he defeated Syagrius, last governor of the Soissons domain, and took northern France. He extended his reign to Cambrai and Tongeren in 490-491, and repelled the Alamanni is 496. Also in that year he converted to non-Arian Christianity.
After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496. Clovis annexed the kingdom of Cologne in 508. Thereafter, Mainz, in its strategic position, became one of the bases of the Frankish kingdom. Mainz had sheltered a Christian community long before the conversion of Clovis. His successor Dagobert reinforced the walls of Mainz and made it one of his seats. A solidus of Theodebert I (534-548) was minted at Mainz.
The Franks united the Celtic and Germanic tribes of Europe. The greatest Frank of all was Charlemagne (768-814), who built a new empire in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity. Meanwhile language change was gradually working to divide the Franks. Mainz spoke a dialect termed Ripuarian. On the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made. Mainz was not central any longer but was on the border, creating a question of the nationality to which it belonged, which descended into modern times as the question of Alsace-Lorraine.
St. Stephan Church is famous for its Chagall windows.
In the early Middle Ages, Mainz was a centre for the Christianisation of the German and Slavic peoples. The first Archbishop in Mainz, Boniface, was killed in 754 while trying to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda. Other early archbishops of Mainz include Rabanus Maurus, the scholar and author, and Willigis (975–1011), who began construction on the current building of the Mainz Cathedral and founded the monastery of St. Stephan.
From the time of Willigis until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Archbishops of Mainz were archchancellors of the Empire and the most important of the seven Electors of the German emperor. Besides Rome, the diocese of Mainz today is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see that is called a Holy See (sancta sedes). The Archbishops of Mainz traditionally were primas germaniae, the substitutes of the Pope north of the Alps.
In 1244, Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz a city charter, which included the right of the citizens to establish and elect a city council. The city saw a feud between two Archbishops in 1461, namely Diether von Isenburg, who was elected Archbishop by the cathedral chapter and supported by the citizens, and Adolf II von Nassau, who had been named Archbishop for Mainz by the Pope. In 1462, the Archbishop Adolf II raided the city of Mainz, plundering and killing 400 inhabitants. At a tribunal, those who had survived lost all their property, which was then divided between those who promised to follow Adolf II. Those who would not promise to follow Adolf II (amongst them Johann Gutenberg) were driven out of the town or thrown into prison. The new Archbishop revoked the city charter of Mainz and put the city under his direct rule. Ironically, after the death of Adolf II his successor was again Diether von Isenburg, now legally elected by the chapter and named by the Pope.
The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. Rabbi Gershom ben Judah (960-1040) taught there, among others. He concentrated on the study of the Talmud, creating a German Jewish tradition. The Jews of Mainz, Speyer and Worms created a supreme council to set standards in Jewish law and education in the 12th century.
The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving, in a sense, in a bipolar fashion towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were massacred or expelled. For example, they were expelled in 1462, invited to return and expelled again in 1474. Outbreaks of the Black Death were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred. This unstable pattern went on up to World War II.
Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and is considering the creation of a new synagogue. [4]
Main article: Republic of Mainz
During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, had already fled to Aschaffenburg by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the Jacobins of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the ‘Republic of Mainz’. Led by Georg Forster representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: As Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil, Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March, 1793. After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.
In 1797, the French returned. The army of Napoléon Bonaparte occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine river, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area. On 17 February 1800, the French Département du Mont-Tonnerre was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine river being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the next years, the weakened Napoléon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.
In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rhenish Hesse (German: Rheinhessen) was awarded to the Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hessian province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, to the German Confederation Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian and Prussian troops.
In the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city’s powder magazine, the Pulverturm, exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the Powder Tower Explosion or Powder Explosion.
During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the war of 1870/71 France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and this defined the new border between the two countries.
For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space, which led to disease and other inconveniences; in 1872, Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract for the expansion of the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the Gartenfeld, an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the shore of the Rhine River to the north of the rampart. The city expansion more than doubled the urban area, which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously passed the city by for decades.
Eduard Kreyßig was the man who made this happen. Having been the master builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Mr. Kreyßig had the vision of the new part of the town, the Mainz Neustadt; he also planned the very first sewer system (since Roman times) for the old part of the town, and it was he who persuaded the city government to relocate the railroad route from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. The Mainz master builder constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall — which was the largest one of its kind in Germany at that time — as well a synagogue, the Rhine harbor, and a number of public baths and school buildings. Mr. Kreyßig's last work was Christ Church (Christuskirche), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed especially for the use of a Protestant congregation.
After the end of World War I, Mainz was occupied by the French between 1919 and 1930, according to the Treaty of Versailles, which went into effect June 28 1919. The Rhineland (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935, and the French garrison, representing the Triple Entente, was to stay until reparations were paid.
The reparations were not paid and Germany preferred to wreck its economy through inflation than to pay them. In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement, which proclaimed a republic in the Rhineland. It collapsed in 1924. The French withdrew on June 30 1930. Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January, 1933. His political opponents, especially those of the Social Democratic Party, were either incarcerated or murdered. Some were able to move away from Mainz in time. One was the political organizer for the SPD, Friedrich Kellner, who went to Laubach, where as the chief justice inspector of the district court he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page diary.
In March, 1933, a detachment from the National Socialist Party in Worms brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the swastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936 the forces of the Third Reich reentered the Rhineland with a great fanfare, the first move of the Third Reich's meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.
During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the Oflag XII-B prisoner of war camp.
The Bishop of Mainz formed an organization to help Jews escape from Germany.
During World War II, more than 30 air raids and bomb attacks destroyed about 80% of the inner city of Mainz, including most of the historic buildings. Mainz fell on March 22 1945, to XII Corps, 90th Division, of the Third Army under the command of General George S. Patton, Jr. The forces of the 3rd Reich were defending it against a possible Rhine crossing there. It was the end of the Palatinate campaign. Patton used the ancient strategic gateway through Germania Superior to cross the Rhine south of Mainz, drove down the Danube towards Czechoslovakia, ending the possibility of a Bavarian redoubt, and crossed the Alps in Austria, when the war ended. With regard to the Roman road over which Patton attacked Trier, he said:
one could almost smell the coppery sweat and see the low dust clouds where those stark fighters moved forward into battle. (George S. Patton, War as I Knew It)
From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the French zone of occupation. When the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded on 18 May 1947, Koblenz was the temporary capital; in 1950 Mainz became the capital of the new state. In 1962, the diarist, Friedrich Kellner, returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his writings, is the subject of the Canadian documentary My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.
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